The BSEC and Regionalization

University of Turku (Finland) Department of Political History – Research Project BALKAN 2000 –Gamze KONA (1999)

THE BSEC AND THE REGIONALIZATION


Introduction

The BSEC,an example of the new region-building process(1), should be regarded as the result of three main changes:1.Region-oriented Turkish foreign policy after 1990s 2.The neo regionalist concept(2) and the necessity of rethinking of the regional groupings(3) 3.The new international political system. Since these two gave way to the establishment of the BSEC it would be ideal to explain three roughly.

The BSEC was initiated by Turkey just after the collapse of the Eastern Block ,demise of the Soviet Union and appearance of the CIS.The mentioned sudden changes in international political system affected not only the world order but also the internal order of the countries in the region and near abroad.Turkey,a European,Balkan,Eastern Meditarennean,Black Sea,Middle East country,has been one of the countries influenced deeply by the changes.

However,while most of the countries ,exposed to the changes,were affected by the changes in the region negatively Turkey was the luckiest in terms of benefiting from the changes that the new international political system presented.

Turkey,suddenly and unexpectedly found itself as the pioneering country for the newly independent Central Asian Republics.Following the bilateral and multilateral relations Turkey has begun to behave more freely in her foreign policy.Although it is beyond the purpose of this article to give detais of the Turkish foreign policy during the Cold War period,we will mention the basic features to grasp the new foreign policy pattern and the BSEC initiative of Turkey.

During the cold war period ,Turkey was an inevitable ally of the West particularly the U.S.A. Except for the slight changes in foreign policy strategies, Turkey instead of realising her own interest in foreign policy,she directed her own foreign policy according to the needs of the United States and Nato.In other words ,she was sentenced to play the role designed by the Western Block.

However,just after the dismantlement of the Soviet Union,Turkey has become a decision maker instead of realising the decision made by the others. During the Gulf Crisis and Yugoslavia matter ,Turkey was quite effective in taking necessary precautions (Gulf Crisis) and in bringing the matter to the top priority of the UN agenda (Yugoslavia Matter).

So, the BSEC might be determined as the third concrete example of assertive, reactive and activist Turkish new foreign policy. Turkey,the founder of the BSEC , simply sends a direct message to the rest of the world that Turkey has become aware her responsibilty as a mediator country in the region and decided to act more liberally in her own foreign policy and also enhance her foreign policy menu.

Besides Turkey’s efforts for this kind of region-building,the new international political system also prepared a suitable milieu for flourishing the BSEC ideal.As we all know the balance of the new international political system is largely based on the notions such as unity/globalism/interdependence/universalism in every field from economy to politics. In stead of dividing or categorising the countries having similar characteristics into one group against another group of countries for the sake of ideology or political purposes,the world has started to be regarded as one big region,containing small or medium size regions or other sub-regions.

In this process while the regional groupings , built according to the political and economic needs of the cold war period , are gaining more importance, the need for setting up the new regional groupins has started to be felt more profoundly. (Stoliarov,1997,p.119). So,this gave way to the activation of the bare ideas related to building new regional groupings.In this context, we should give a response to the question “Why the regionalization and the region-building are getting more and more important in the new international political system. The explanation will also ease to understand the responsibilities of the BSEC.

First of all the regional groupings are regarded as the main confidece-building measure.Preliminary conclusions of a research project by the Institute for East West studies,which looked at six such organizations, indicate that<>(Bailes,1997,pp.27-34).Taking the importance of global security for the planned single Europe into consideration ,security in the Balkans and the Black Sea region will also bear importance since the mentioned regions have always been the most conflicting regions in history.
Secondly, the new Europe strongly needs economically stable countries which solved economic shortcomings largely and set up economic structures. According to the EU members the structure of the planned single Europe are strongly against the membership of the countries which will certainly bring economic problems together with their underdeveloped economic vision (Schwok,1997,pp.107-115).
For this reason,the EU believes that regional groupings will help transition economies be better off by preparing their member countries for the specific economic and social rules of the EU with in a small group.

Thirdly,the new international political system needs political maturity so as not to have negative experiences lived before due to the political immaturity. Partly the new system gives support to the setting up the new regional groupings assuming that these groupings will remove negative political rivalries, political hatred and extrenme nationalistic aims.The superpowers of the new system also believe that the countries politically,economically and socially developed more will be good examples for the countries which lacked human rights,democratization,good - neighbourly relations during the cold war period by playing a pioneeering role in the region.

Fourthly,in the new international political system hard security issues such as inter state wars,nuclear rivalries,risky armament,military superiority etc have been replaced by soft security issues such as drug smuggling,money laundering,sex trade,terrorism,extreme nationalism,environmentalism,pluralistic democracy,market economy etc. In encountering soft security issues ,the Western European countries strongly support region-building process and building regional groupings arguing that by improving bilateral and multilateral social,economic and cultural relations,the regional groupings will solve these kind of problems by themselves for a secure Europe (Lodgaard,1993,pp.7-24)

Fiftly, for the planned integrated Europe, the region rather than the nation-state has gradually become the focal point of the international development.<>(Bleda,1991,p.19). Based on this view, region-building is thought to be the preparatory process in which the regional groupings experience to co-operate almost in every field for a united Europe.

Depending on the esxplanations above both; Turkey’s attempts to adopt region-oriented foreign policy and to realise the goals of her own foreign policy more independently and the West’s supportive attitude towards building new regional groupings and regionalization paved the way to the BSEC.

In this article we will discuss two main points;in the first part; the BSEC with its structure , aims and outcomes,the importance of the Black Sea region and the obstacles which make the cooperation difficult and in the second part; the internal and external advantages the BSEC presents.


1. The BSEC

1.1. The Black Sea Region : Pros and Cons

The Black Sea region represents a remarkable importance with its human potential, significant economic force, energy sources, wide spectrum of complementary industries besides its geostrategic location. Although the possibilities are quite unlimited,the use of these possibilities are full of barriers. We will divide the disputes in the region into two: The disputes in history and the disputes at present.The aim of pointing out the disputes in the region in the past/in history is to help understand the source of the problems and know the region better at present.

The Disputes in History

1.Turbulent Region
Particularly the Balkans,situated at the South Eastern corner of Europe and the Transcaucasus have always been an apple of discord among the big powers of Europe in history.The Balkan peninsula is a kind of transit line which gives an easy access from Europe to Asia and visa versa.The region is at the crossroads where land,sea,air and river transportation routes meet one another.Following the rule of Roman,Byzantine,Ottoman and Habsburg empires in the region ,the region become an area of rivalry between the USSR and the U.S.A.From the begining to the present the region has been an important strategic and political factor in international relations .

2.Unsuccessful Cooperation Attempts

Due to the geostrategic importance of the Black Sea region,which is located at the intersection of the Gulf,Eastern Meditarrenean and Europe, several attempts wrere made for cooperation.However ,only two of these resulted with success.The large Entente,initialled by Turkey under Mustafa Kemal Ataturk in 1934,did not live long.The little Entente in the 1940s lasted even shorter than the first one.In addition to the mentioned attempts,others also failed and resulted in fragmentation of the region.The reason of this failure might be explained by a number of geographical,cultural,historical,ethnic and religion causes which had brought about mistrust,enmities and territorial conflicts.

3.Autocratic and Fascist Regimes

Due to the lack of popular political participation,in most of the countries in the region,particularly in the Balkans, the administration was left to autocratic and fascist regimes.These regimes had found it convinient to appeal to the nationalistic fervour of the masses by following policies of aggrandizement at the expense of their regional neighbours often in allience with extra regional big powers (Sander,1993,p.33).

4.Religious Confrontations

(Pisarev,1993,p.124).This confrontation still prevails ,increasing gradually,experienced in the Yugoslavia matter.



5.Economic and Political Disputes

Economic and political disputes are not new notions for the Black Sea region countries.Particularly the states in the Balkan Peninsula have always experienced drastic political confrontations caused by the statemen who used their rule to enhance their area of influence in stead of encouraging pluralist democracy political maturity,they preferred autocratic regimes which enabled them to realise what they planned.These all caused social discontent and political weaknesses in the long-run (Hopken,1997).
In addition to the political disputes in the region ,in history,economic disstability has been remarkable in society too. The impact of political fragmentations on economic structures has been deeply felt.The economies of the countries in the Black Sea region have never beeen promising.Short-term,endless economic policies have not been sufficient to stabilize the economy. In some countries in the region ,particularly in ex-Soviet republics,the cause of the economic weaknesses was the central planning economies which banned the formation of the liberal economic structures.

In conclusion,the mentioned negative disputes lasted for years and were transformed to the newly independent states in the Black Sea region.

The Disputes at Present

Besides the negative experiences rooted deeply in history,some new disputes were added to the political,social and economic structure of the region just after the demise of the Soviet Union and the foundation of the new independent states. The new prospect of the region represents the following negative features.

1.Radical Nationalist Movements

At present,the Balkans and the Transcaucasus face drastic nationalist conflicts in the Black Sea region.According to the national statistics of the Balkan countries;20 million Romanians,10 million Greeks,8 million Serbs,7 million Bulgarians,5 million Albanians,1 million Macedonians and 0.5 million Montenegrines live in the Balkans (4).
In such a cosmopolitian population,the stability in the society has been rather fragile.After the collapse of the Eastern Block the nationalist movements increased immensily in the region.After 1990s nationalism has started to be used to fill political and ideological vacuum remained by communism.
In the region,the politicians have appealed to nationalism as a means of reinforcing their legitimacy and some illegal groups have emerged to gain personal advantages from nationalism for their illegal performances.This faked nationalism also made the public aware of their regional identity,cultural features and historical values.

2.Ethnic and Territorial Disputes (5)

The region is rather chaotic in terms of ethnic population.At the moment ethnic Turks in Greece and Albania,Russian diaspora in ex-Soviet states,ethnic Armenians in Georgia,ethnic Georgians in Azerbaijan,ethnic Azeris in Georgia subject to be misused for political aims in the region.

Territorial disputes largely caused by ethnic uphaveals also destabilize the societies in the region too.These include;

1.The territorial claim of Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh with Azerbaijan

2.The status quo of Trans-Dniester between Moldova and Russian Federation

3.The status of Crimea and the future of the Black Sea Fleet between the Russian Federation and Ukraine

4.Still lasting claims of the Russian Federation in Chechnya

5.The inter-ethnic and civil war between Ossetians and Abkhazians in Georgia

6.The disputes between Albanians and Serbs over Kosovo

7.Territorial conflicts among the successor states of the former Yugoslavia


3.Social Discontent

Forced and illegal migration,uncontrolled arms trafficking,organized crime,illicit drug trafficking,terrorism,illegal groups,caused by political and ideological vacuum and lawlessness all fuel the social disstability.

4.Economic Detorioration

Economic detorioration and financial corrosion in the region are partly the results of the rapid transition from central planing economy to market economy and partly other problems in ex-Soviet/ex-Eastern Block states.Nowadays,the societies in the region face unfullfilled welfare aspirations,economic infrastructural shotcomings,hyper inflation,low living standart,high unemployment rate,limited financial resources,shattered public finance and lack of convertible currencies-evennational currencies.

5.Political Disputes

Although the conflicts between Turkey and Greece over Cyprus and Agean Sea and Turkey and the Russian Federation over the Straits do not cause hot disputes,the mentioned conflicts are among the perceived risks and dangers in the region.


As a result,the region represents a kind of boiling cattle.Under these circumstances, the cooperation attempt/s in the Black Sea region is a must.For this reason,the Black Sea Economic Cooperation ,the BSEC,should be determined as a cooperation atttempt organized on the right time and in the right place.

In the following parts of the paper we will discuss the BSEC in long and depth.


1.2.The Setting

The idea of designing a cooperation model in the Black Sea region was first put forth by the formerTurkish diplomat Sukru Elekdag (6) and materialised by the former president Turgut Ozal in 1990.Following this attempt,Soviet Union,Bulgaria and Romania expressed their interests and negotiations started among the countries interested.The informal talks largely included technical matters such as tariff reduction and free movement of goods.From the end of 1990 by the mid-July 1991,four meetings were realised.Finally,the mentioned states prepared a document which drew an outline of the planned cooperation in the region.After the collapse of the Eastern Block and demise of the Soviet Union,newly independent states;Armenia,Azerbaijan,Georgia,Moldova and Ukraine partricipated in the agreement process and the Soviet Union was replaced by the Russian Federation.


The first agreement on the setting up the Black Sea Economic Cooperation in the region was reached by the foreign ministers and deputy foreign ministers of the participating states ,in Istanbul on 3 February 1992.The Black Sea Economic Cooperation project also attracted attention of the states such as Albania and Greece which are not Black Sea coastal states.They applied for full membership and were accepted as full members.Austria,Egypt,Israel,Italy,Poland,Slovak Republic,Tunis also joined the BSEC project as observes.

However,the legal process for the BSEC was started by the heads of states and government of 11 participating states on 25 June 1992 at a summit meeting in Istanbul.At the end of the meeting,they signed the Summit Declaration on the Black Sea Economic Cooperation and declared Bosphorus Statement on 26 June 1992.


1.3.The Structure of the BSEC

The institutional structure of the BSEC is based on three main bodies:1.Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs 2.Parliamentary Assembly of the BSEC 3.The BSEC Business Council.We will point out the responsibilities of the three main bodies roughly so as to know how the BSEC works.

1.Meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs-MMFA:

The MMFA is responsible for making policy decisions,establishing sub-groups,enlarging observer status to various states.The chairmanship of the MMFA rotate among the member states in English alphabetic order every six months.

2.The Parliamentary Assembly of the BSEC-PABSEC:

The PABSEC was initiated following the common Declaration signed by the heads of the Parliaments of Albania,Armenia,Azerbaijan,Georgia,Moldova,Romania,Russian Federation,Ukraine and Turkey on 26 February 1993.The PABSEC has three comissions:
1.Comission of Economy,Trade,Technology and Environmental issues 2.Comission of Law and Political issues 3.Comission of Culture,Education and Social issues.

The main functions and aims of the PABSEC are as folows:(Cindoruk,1995,pp.13-17)

1.To prepare legal ground for the BSEC process,

2.To provide political support to the BSEC via parliaments,

3.To encourage the public to adopt the ideals of the BSEC by the help of the MPs,

4.To give support to the development of confidence and good-neighbourly relations through co-ordination and co-operation in political,social,cultural and economic matters,

5.To build peace and stability in the Black Sea region.

3.The BSEC Business Council:

The BSEC Business Council,established in December 1992,is responsible for bringing potential business partners from within and outside the region and also for developing proposals,programmes in a variety of fields of co-operation(Ozer,1997,p.97).
The BSEC Business Council also developes intensive economic relations with the third parties.European Bank for Reconstruction and Development(EBRD),the United Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO),the International Finance Corporation(IFC) are among the international economic organizations with which the BSEC Business Council
has economic relations.

In addition to the mentioned three main bodies;Local Administrations such as the Mayors Conference of the Capitals of Black Sea Countries,the Black Sea Capitals’Governors and Mayors Round Table and International Black Sea Club,Non-Governmental Organizations such as the Conference of Architects of the Black Sea and the Association of the BSEC Bars of Lawyers,Academic Institutions such as the Black Sea University,the Black Sea Studies Certificate Programme,the International Center for Black Sea Studies all together help the BSEC work properly and the betterment of the BSEC.

1.4. Aims of the BSEC

The goals the BSEC is aimed to realise are clear in the Declaration on Black Sea Economic Co-operation (7).(Winrow,1993,p.29)

In the Bosporus Statement of June 1992,declared the day after the Declaration on Black Sea Economic Co-operation,one objective of the organization was pointed out clearly:<...to transform the Black Sea into a region of peace,freedom,stability and prosperity...>(8).

Besides the aims mentioned above the BSEC has also some practical aims which were not indicated in the Declaration on BSEC and Bosphorus Statement related to economic,social and cultural issues.These include:

1.The BSEC is aimed to diversify economic relations both among the member states and with the third countries and organizations in order to accelerate integration of the region states into world economy,

2.to help the transition economies build the economic structures which are necessary in the market economies,

3.to improve the involvement of non-governmental sectors and to foster the role of private sector in economic relations,

4.to soften rigid integration and concentrate on less rigid,project-oriented co-operation arrangements,

5.to lower inter-regional trade obstacles,liberalise foreign trade,attract foreign investment and realise customs union in the region,

6.to build peace through intensive multi-lateral,good-neighbourly relations for the regional security,

7.to continue economic,political,social and cultural relations according to the principles of the Helsinki Final Act,the Resolution of the CSCE follow-up documents and the rules of international law,

8.to respect for the human rights and basic freedoms,

9.to help the member states which lack the democratic institutions,human rights and the rules of pluralist democracy,

10.to encourage the member states to start particularly economic relations with the Western European countries.


1.5. Concrete Outputs of the BSEC

Under this title we will only emphasize the projects which resulted and gave practical ends.For this reason,we will exclude the projects which are being worked on at present.Although the establishment of the BSEC is not old,the projects realised within the BSEC are quite a lot.During 7 years 22 projects were realised in different fields as a result of the common work(Akgonenc,1994,pp.75-77;Ozer,1996,pp.95-99 and Smirnov,1997,pp.80-83).These include:

1.Center for Exchange of Statistical Data and Economic Information

2.BSEC Trade and Development Bank

3.Balkan Center for the Support of Small and Medium Size Enterprises

4.Black Sea Regional Energy Center

5.The Center for Scientific and Cultural Relations Between the Black Sea Countries

6.Black Sea Trading Company

7.Black Sea Corporation

8.Black Sea Corporation Association

9.Romanian Danube-Black Sea Foundation

10.International Black Sea Club

11.Black Sea Capitals Governors and Mayors Round-Table Meetings

12.A number of Working Groups in the fields of transportation,communications and energy

13.An impressive number of conferences on different issues related to the BSEC

14.The Convention on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution

15.The Convention of Scientific,Cultural and Information Cooperation Between the Black
Sea Region Countries

16.The Black Sea Chamber Orchestra

17.The Black Sea Television

18.The Program worked out by
Russian

19.The Black Sea University

20.The Black Sea Studies Certificate Program established jointly by Colombia University in
the U.S.A and Bosphorus University in Turkey

21.The Association of the BSEC Bars

22.International Center of Black Sea Research

Considering the projects realised within the BSEC we should say that the BSEC proved it self to be an effective Cooperation Project which presented advantageous economic,cultural and political results for the countries in the region.

2. The Advantages the BSEC Presents
In this chapter we will mention the advantages the BSEC presents both for the region and the world in terms of security,economy,society and culture.

1.Security
It is evident that the notion which was largely based on war-avoidance,state-based,military-oriented features during the cold war left its place to multiple units/internatio-
nal organizations/international institutions and non-military/soft diplomatic features.Ole Wa-
ever explains this transformation in security perception of the states with the following words
<‘Security community’ proved to be a fertile organizing question in that it produced a rethinking of European politics in the complex field where the historic novelty of non-war meets a transformation of security from state monopoly to multiple units.This revealed amongst other things that the regional construction has gone through a complex process from an early phase where it was built on arguments related to war-avoidance over state-based desecuritization (neo-functionalist integration) to post-sovereign non-military re-securitization (the integration/fragmentation argument).Without war,security becomes much more complex,and the identities built on this kind of security pose challenges not only to security analysis but generally to international relations theory,unprepared as it still largely is for structured thinking about post-sovereign politics.>(Waever,1995,p.48)
Within this neo-security perception which gives an additional importance to multiple units for safeguarding the global security, the share of the BSEC in building peace and confidence in one of the most conflicted regions is evident.
(Kovalsky,1994,p.115)
In fact,the BSEC is neither a security provider nor a security building measure.It might only be determined as a confidence-building measure.However,the BSEC,through intensifying good-neighbourly relations and multi-lateral agreements,motivating the member states for pluralist democracy,developing multi-level economic relations,supporting the setting up liberal political institutions,giving importance to the conventions of the CSCE and Helsinki Final Act realises the functions of the security institutions.

2.Economy
<...there are many attempts in which the regions try focusing on the European axis in their own ways...>(Bleda,1996,p.70)
Most of the BSEC members see the BSEC process as a mean of European integration as their final aim is to integrate themselves with the EU.However ,EU membership is not easy for the newly-independent states which were obliged to apply the norms of the central planning economies and which lacked the structures of the market economy.So, the BSEC is a kind of preparation ground for the integration with the world economy.Although it is rather difficult the BSEC members are getting used to adopting certain rules,standards and practices which are available in the EU.
In addition to the European integration,the BSEC members have obtained the advantage of diversifying economic relations,increasing foreign trade,taking part in bilateral and multilateral economic contracts,starting economic relations with the third parties and international organizations most of which lacked before the BSEC membership.
Considering the fact that most of the countries in the Black Sea region are transition economies,we should say that the countries which adopted liberal economic structures and institutions have been quite advantageus for transition economies.
3.Society and Culture
Depending on the negative experiences in the region during history,particularly the former
Soviet republics and ex-Eastern Block countries lack self-confidence and bear the feelings of
enmity,unreliability,nationalistic hatred and insecurity toward other nations in the region.The
BSEC through developing multi-dimensional relations leads to mutual understanding and common action.So,this helps build psychologically stable societies.
In addition to this,the BSEC also removes the negative effects and difficulties caused by the efforts made for transformation from central planning economy to market economy through
diversifying economic relations,increasing foreign trade and initiating economic relations
with the third parties.
Furthermore,it is evident that the differences between Christian and Islamic cultures have always caused problems not only in the Black Sea region but in the world.The BSEC,having
member states from different cultural and religious background paves the way to the removal
of the strict dividing lines between Christianity and Islam and motivates the participant states
to show respect for cultural and religious differences.The BSEC,having this feature,proves
itself to be one of the multicultural regional grouping different from most of the available regional groupings in today’s international system.

Conclusion

<...If the EU and EFTA are viewed as the economically and politically most stable pillars in Europe,Russian Federation,the Baltic States and the Ukraine are the second pillar.Turkey,the Central Asian Republics of the former USSR and the Balkan States must then rank as the third pillar...> (Sen,1993,p.287).

In this context,the BSEC should be determined as one of the most important economic and security element for the well-being of the third pillar.Taking other internal (for the countries in the Black Sea Region) and external (for the EU) responsibilities of the BSEC,the following points must be regarded as suggestions for making the BSEC more effective.

1.First of all,the BSEC should continue as a regional grouping based on economic,cultural and social purposes but a way from political aims and military gains.

2.The BSEC was initialled as a top-down region-building process by the highest political powers but continued as a bottom-up co-operation model by citizens and local authorities.For the long-lasting and promising BSEC, the bottom-up model in which the private sectors, local administrations, non-government organizations and academic institutions co-operate with each other and reach the conclusion by themselves should be given priority.

3. At the moment there are still immense economic diversities which cause some problems among the BSEC members.While some of the member states feel deeply the structural and practical problems of the transition economies,the economies of some other countries present a better panorama.Considering the negative effects that the economic differences cause in the same region among member states,these should be decreased to a minimum level.

4.Most of the member countries of the BSEC,particularly ex-Soviet republics,still lack democratic political institutions,norms of pluralist democracy,respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.In order to create equal advantages in terms of politics,the shortcomings in the political arena in some BSEC members should be removed.

5.All member states should benefit the advantages the BSEC presents equally.It should be kept in mind that most of the revolutions and breaking-ups among countries were caused by inequalities.

6.The BSEC members also show willingness to fullfill their tasks within the BSEC project.

7. The West should also give support for the BSEC in the following matters (Ozer,1996,82-86).

1.The West should integrate the BSEC with EU

2. The West should support the political reforms within the BSEC

3.The West should promote economic reforms which the BSEC is aimed to realise

4.The West should invest in the BSEC projects as much as possible

5.The financial assistance should be directed into the region through trade

6.The West should increase technical assistance in the region

7. The West should encourage cultural exchanges with the countries in the Black Sea
region.

We all bear the hope of seeing a more successful and furtile Black Sea region.



Notes
1. I intentionally put the BSEC into the category of not ‘regionalization’ but ‘region-building’ since ‘regionalization’ is a natural and passive process without a conscious or programmed human activity but region-building is an active process with a conscious human subject.For the differences among regionalism,regionalization and region-building, see Vesa Saarikoski’s article.(Saarikoski,1995,pp.228-229)
2.In his article Joenniemi explains the changes in ‘regionality’, why the regional arrangements are gaining ground in international relations and the content of new regionalism.(Joenniemi,1994)
3.Cornel Codita assumes that rethinking of the functions of the regional and sub-regional groupings in the new era is inevitable since the new functions of both are different from the functions they had during the cold war period.(Codita,1991)
4.For a detailed analysis on the ethnic population in the Balkans,see The Balkans:Minorities
and States in Conflict,London,1991.
5.For the source of ethnic and territorial disputes in the region,particularly in the Balkans,see Stefanos Yerasimos. (Yerasimos,1995,pp.35-85)
6.For his views on the BSEC process,see “Karadeniz Ekonomik Isbirligi”. (Elekdag,,1994, pp.203-216)
7.For the full text of the Declaration on Black Sea Economic Cooperation,see TDN,25
June 1992.
8.For the full text of the Bosphorus Statement,see TDN,26 June 1992.

References
Akgonenc,Oya,1994,’Ventures in Regional Cooperations:The Balkans and the Black Sea Regional Cooperation’,Foreign Policy(Ankara),vol.18.
Bailes,Alyson J.K.,1997,’Sub-regional Organizations:The Cinderallas of European Security’,
Nato Review,no.2.,March.
Bleda,Tansug,1991,’Black Sea Economic Cooperation Region’,Review of International Affairs(Belgrade),no.987.
Bleda,Tansug,1996,’The Mediterranean and the Black Sea ‘,Perceptions(Ankara),vol.1,no.3.
Cindoruk,Husamettin,1995,’Karadeniz Ekonomik Isbirligi Sureci ve KEIPA’,Yeni Turkiye
(Ankara),no.3.
Codita,Cornel,1991,’Sub-regional Cooperation in Europe Changing Patterns’,Foreign Policy(Ankara),vol.5,nos.3-4.
Elekdag,Sukru,1994,’Karadeniz Ekonomik Isbirligi’,in Sabahattin Sen (ed.),Yeni Dunya Duzeni ve Turkiye,Istanbul:Baglam Yy.
Hopken,Wolfgang,1997,’Savaslararasi Donemde Balkan Devletlerinde Siyasi Kultur’,
(Tr.Bernar Kutlug),in Kemali Saybasili and Gencer Ozcan (eds.),Yeni Balkanlar Eski Sorunlar...,Istanbul:Baglam Yy.
Joenniemi,Pertti,1994,Regionality and the Modernist Script;Tuning into the Unexpected in International Politics,Tampere:Tampere peace Research Institute,Occasional Papers,no.57.
Kovalsky,Nikolai,1994,’Russia and the Black Sea Region’,International Affairs(Moscow),
no.10.
Lodgaard,Sverre,1993,’Competing Schemes for Europe:the CSCE,Nato and the European Union,in Olli-Pekka Jalonen (ed.),Approaches to European Security in 1990s,Tampere:
Tampere Peace Research Institute,Research Report,no.49.
Ozer,Ercan,1996,’Concept and Prospects of Black Sea Economic Cooperation’,Foreign Policy (Ankara),vol.20,nos.1-2.
Ozer,Ercan,1996,’The Black Sea Economic Cooperation and the EU’,Perceptions (An-
kara,vol.1,no.3.,September-November.
Ozer,Ercan,1997,’The Black Sea Economic Cooperation and Regional Security’,Perceptions
(Ankara),vol.2,no.3.,September-November.
Pisarev,Vladimir,1993,’Turkey,Romania and the Soviet Union:The Black Sea’,in Guy Olivier
Faure and Jeffrey Z. Rubin (eds.),Culture and Negotiations,California:Sage Publications.
Saarikoski,Vesa,1995,’Regional Alternatives:The Breaking of the Europe Between?’,in
Clive Archer and Olli-Pekka Jalonen (eds.),Changing European Security Landscape,Tampere:
Tampere Peace Research Institute,Research Report , no.63.
Sander,Oral,1993,’The Balkan and Black Sea Cooperation’,Foreign Policy(Ankara),vol.17,
nos.1-2.
Schwok,Rene,1997,’IGC and EU Enlargement’,in IGC and Custom Union,Center for Strategic Research Papers,(SAM Papers),no.4,Ankara.
Smirnov,Pavel,1997,’The Black Sea Summit in Moscow’,International Affairs (Moscow),vol.
43,no.1.
Stoliarov,Mikhail,1997,’Regionalism in Europe and Russia’,International Affairs(Moscow),
vol.43,no.6.
Sen,Faruk,1993,’Black Sea Economic Cooperation:A supplement to EC?’,Aussen Politik,
vol.44,no.3.
Waever,Ole,1995,’Insecurity,Security and Asecurity in the West European Non-War Community’,Paper delivered at December 1-2 1995 Conference on Security Communities in
Comparative Perspective.
Winrow,Gareth,1993,’The Black Sea Economic Co-operation Organization’,in Where East Meets West:Turkey and the Balkans.
Yerasimos,Stefanos,1995,Milliyetler Ve Sinirlar:Balkanlar,Kafkasya ve Orta Dogu,(Tr.
Sirin Tekeli),Istanbul:Iletisim Yy.